This Thanksgiving, many families will be gathering around the table to celebrate the holiday with all the traditional fare. But when it comes to the spread on your bread or rolls, is butter or margarine better?
"I think most people assume that margarine or butter replacements are a better choice for health because they're lower in saturated fat, which isn't necessarily true," Jillian Kubala, a New York-based registered dietitian, told Fox News Digital.
"Fats are often misunderstood and oversimplified, even by health professionals, which has led to a general demonization and fear of fats," she said.
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"The truth is that fats are highly complex, and their physiological effects depend on their composition, source and more."
Butter is a dairy product, while margarine is typically made from vegetable oils and water, often with added emulsifiers and flavorings.
Andrew Gruel, a California chef and founder of American Gravy, told Fox News Digital that "all margarine is just vegetable oil that's been hydrogenated, which means that it is spreadable." (See the video at the top of this article.)
"So, you're really just taking vegetable oil and pouring it and spreading it all over your food, which I don't think most people would want to do," Gruel said. "Vegetable oil – or any seed oil – is going to be very bitter, acrid. It doesn't have any flavor to it. It's just fatty and greasy."
Before you slather a spread on your toast or slip some into the skillet, take a look at some of the health specs of butter versus margarine.
Kubala pointed out the nutrition information on butter using the USDA Food Data Central Database.
As she broke it down, a typical serving size of butter is one tablespoon, which provides the following:
Calories: 102
Total fat: 11.5g
Saturated fat: 7.3g
The nutrition specs of margarine for a serving size of one tablespoon are generally as follows, per Kubala:
Calories: 84.8
Total fat: 9.56g
Saturated fat: 2.34g
While margarine is lower in total fat and in saturated fat than butter, not all foods that are lower in fat are necessarily "better" for you, said Kubala.
Margarine, for example, can be made with oils that are high in omega-6 fats, she said.
"While both omega-3 and omega-6 fats are necessary for health, most Americans consume diets much higher in omega-6s," Kubala said, pointing to a 2021 study published by the Journal of the Missouri State Medical Association.
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"[Omega-6s] are concentrated in vegetable oils, [rather] than omega-3s, which are concentrated in seafood and certain plant foods, like chia seeds," she said.
"This leads to an imbalance favoring omega-6s, which tend to be more inflammatory in nature, over omega-3s, which are anti-inflammatory."
She continued, "Health experts suggest that this dietary imbalance is a main driver behind many chronic inflammatory conditions, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, increased heart disease risk factors, certain cancers and cognitive decline."
In recent years, plant-based "butters" have become increasingly popular.
Plant-based "butters" are typically made from various vegetable oils such as coconut, soy or avocado.
To make them taste more like butter and have the right texture, emulsifiers and flavorings are often added.
"Some plant-based spreads are made with minimal, nutritious ingredients such as nuts or nut milk, but most butter alternatives are generally highly processed and made with omega-6-rich oils," Kubala said.
Kubala said that if you're looking to consume a spread with a butter-like texture or a butter replacement to use while you cook or bake, then choosing a plant-based product is "perfectly fine."
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"While consuming small amounts of butter replacements won't significantly impact health, I always recommend opting for minimally processed foods whenever possible," she said.
"For example, if you're unable to consume butter due to dietary restrictions, try using mashed avocado or a drizzle of high-quality olive oil in place of butter on toast."
One study published in 2022 in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology found that people who consume more than half a tablespoon (7 grams) of olive oil per day have been found to have a lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disease and respiratory disease.
Researchers also found that people live longer when they replace 10 grams per day of margarine, butter, mayonnaise and dairy fat with olive oil, Fox News Digital previously reported.
There are different types of saturated fats (small, medium and long-chain saturated fats), "which have complex and varying effects on heart disease risk factors," Kubala said.
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Still, she added, health organizations have long recommended that people reduce saturated fat intake to improve heart health.
"While it's important to avoid certain high-fat foods, such as fried foods, this general recommendation to cut back on foods high in saturated fat, like butter, and replace them with low-fat alternatives, like margarine, hasn't done much for public health," Kubala said.
She added, "Rates of chronic health conditions like type 2 diabetes and obesity steadily climbed over time as Americans became more dependent on low-fat foods, like sugary carbohydrates, low-fat salad dressings and butter replacements."
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"Thinking of all saturated fats as 'bad' and unsaturated fats as 'good' or 'healthy' isn't the way to view macronutrients," she said.
Kubala suggested that people look at their overall dietary intake and quality of diet.
"If your diet is very high in high-fat foods known to negatively impact health, such as fried food and processed meats, cut back on those foods and replace them with fat-rich foods known to positively impact health, such as fatty fish, avocado, nuts and seeds," she said.
And if you like butter, Kubala added, "then enjoy it in small portions."
She added, "In my opinion, eating small amounts of butter is a better choice for overall health than consuming highly processed butter replacements like margarine."
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Gruel agreed.
"I always go with butter over margarine," he said. "I never keep margarine within a mile of my house."
