UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

Form 10-Q

 

(Mark One)

 

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

 

OR

 

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the transition period from                  to

 

Commission file number:  001-36033

 

THERAVANCE BIOPHARMA, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 

 

 

(650) 808-6000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐ 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

 

As of October 31, 2018, the number of the registrant’s outstanding ordinary shares was 55,411,264.

 

 

 

THERAVANCE BIOPHARMA, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

THERAVANCE BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share data)

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

THERAVANCE BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share data)

 

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

THERAVANCE BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

 

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

THERAVANCE BIOPHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

 

 

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 

Theravance Biopharma, Inc. (“Theravance Biopharma”, the “Company”, or “we” and other similar pronouns) is a diversified biopharmaceutical company with the core purpose of creating medicines that help improve the lives of patients suffering from serious illness. 

 

Basis of Presentation

 

Our condensed consolidated financial information as of September 30, 2018, and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are unaudited but include all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments), which we consider necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position at such date and of the operating results and cash flows for those periods, and have been prepared in accordance with US generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated December 31, 2017 financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 28, 2018.

 

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018 and recognized the cumulative effect of ASC 606 at the date of initial application. This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the prior period. We recorded a reduction to the opening balance of accumulated deficit of approximately $1.1 million and a corresponding reduction in deferred revenue as of January 1, 2018 due to ASC 606’s cumulative adoption impact on our collaborative arrangements. Our product sales revenue under ASC 606 would not have been materially different under the legacy Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”).

 

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”) that changed the presentation of restricted cash and cash equivalents on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Restricted cash balances are now included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. To conform to the presentation under ASU 2016-18, we revised the amounts previously reported on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the comparable prior year period.

 

Significant Accounting Policies

 

Other than the policies below, there have been no material revisions in our significant accounting policies described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

Revenue Recognition

 

Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

 

At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we identify the performance obligations in the contract by assessing whether the goods or services promised within each contract are distinct. We then recognize revenue for the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

 

Product Sales

 

We sell VIBATIV in the US market by making the drug product available through a limited number of distributors, who sell VIBATIV to healthcare providers. Title and risk of loss transfer upon receipt by these distributors. We recognize VIBATIV product sales and related cost of product sales when the distributors obtain control of the drug product, which is at the time title transfers to the distributors.

 

Product sales are recorded on a net sales basis which includes estimates of variable consideration. The variable consideration results from sales discounts, government‑mandated rebates and chargebacks, distribution fees, estimated product returns and other deductions. We reflect such reductions in revenue as either an allowance to the related account receivable from the distributor, or as an accrued liability, depending on the nature of the sales deduction. Sales deductions are based on management’s estimates that consider payor mix in target markets, industry benchmarks and experience to date. In general, these estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes which are probability-weighted in accordance with the expected value method in ASC 606. We monitor inventory levels in the distribution channel, as well as sales of VIBATIV by distributors to healthcare providers, using product‑specific data provided by the distributors. Product return allowances are based on amounts owed or to be claimed on related sales. These estimates take into consideration the terms of our agreements with customers, historical product returns of VIBATIV, rebates or discounts taken, estimated levels of inventory in the distribution channel, the shelf life of the product, and specific known market events, such as competitive pricing and new product introductions. We update our estimates and assumptions each quarter and if actual future results vary from our estimates, we may adjust these estimates, which could have an effect on product sales and earnings in the period of adjustment.

 

Sales Discounts: We offer cash discounts to certain customers as an incentive for prompt payment. We expect our customers to comply with the prompt payment terms to earn the cash discount. In addition, we offer contract discounts to certain direct customers. We estimate sales discounts based on contractual terms, historical utilization rates, as available, and our expectations regarding future utilization rates. We account for sales discounts by reducing accounts receivable by the expected discount and recognizing the discount as a reduction of revenue in the same period the related revenue is recognized.

 

Chargebacks and Government Rebates: For VIBATIV sales in the US, we estimate reductions to product sales for qualifying federal and state government programs including discounted pricing offered to Public Health Service (“PHS”), as well as government‑managed Medicaid programs. Our reduction for PHS is based on actual chargebacks that distributors have claimed for reduced pricing offered to such healthcare providers and our expectation about future utilization rates. Our accrual for Medicaid is based upon statutorily‑defined discounts, estimated payor mix, expected sales to qualified healthcare providers, and our expectation about future utilization. The Medicaid accrual and government rebates that are invoiced directly to us are recorded in other accrued liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. For qualified programs that can purchase our products through distributors at a lower contractual government price, the distributors charge back to us the difference between their acquisition cost and the lower contractual government price, which we record as an allowance against accounts receivable.

 

Distribution Fees: We have contracts with our distributors in the US that include terms for distribution‑related fees. We determine distribution‑related fees based on a percentage of the product sales price, and we record the distribution fees as an allowance against accounts receivable.

 

Product Returns: We offer our distributors a right to return product purchased directly from us, which is principally based upon the product’s expiration date. Our policy is to accept product returns during the six months prior to and twelve months after the product expiration date on product that has been sold to our distributors. Product return allowances are based on amounts owed or to be claimed on related sales. These estimates take into consideration the terms of our agreements with customers, historical product returns of VIBATIV, rebates or discounts taken, estimated levels of inventory in the distribution

channel, the shelf life of the product, and specific known market events, such as competitive pricing and new product introductions. We record our product return reserves as other accrued liabilities.

 

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: We record allowances for potentially doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. As of September 30, 2018, there was no allowance for doubtful accounts related to customer payments.

 

The following table summarizes activity in each of the product revenue allowance and reserve categories for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

 

 

We adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. Our comparative prior period revenue remains reported under ASC 605. Our revenue recognition policy under ASC 605 for the comparative 2017 periods is included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

Collaborative Arrangements

 

We enter into collaborative arrangements with partners that fall under the scope of Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”). While these arrangements are in the scope of ASC 808, we may analogize to ASC 606 for some aspects of the arrangements. We analogize to ASC 606 for certain activities within the collaborative arrangement for the delivery of a good or service (i.e., a unit of account) that is part of our ongoing major or central operations. 

 

The terms of our collaborative arrangements typically include one or more of the following: (i) up-front fees; (ii) milestone payments related to the achievement of development, regulatory, or commercial goals; (iii) royalties on net sales of licensed products; (iv) reimbursements or cost-sharing of R&D expenses; and (v) profit/loss sharing arising from co-promotion arrangements. Each of these payments results in collaboration revenues or an offset against R&D expenses. Where a portion of non‑refundable up-front fees or other payments received are allocated to continuing performance obligations under the terms of a collaborative arrangement, they are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as collaboration revenue when (or as) the underlying performance obligation is satisfied. 

 

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, we must develop estimates and assumptions that require judgment to determine the underlying stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation which determines how the transaction price is allocated among the performance obligations. The estimation of the stand-alone selling price may include such estimates as, forecasted revenues or costs, development timelines, discount rates, and probabilities of technical and regulatory success. We evaluate each performance obligation to determine if they can be satisfied at a point in time or over time, and we measure the services delivered to our collaboration partner which are periodically reviewed based on the progress of the related program. The effect of any change made to an estimated input component and, therefore revenue or expense recognized, would be recorded as a change in estimate. In addition, variable consideration (e.g., milestone payments) must be evaluated to determine if it is constrained and, therefore, excluded from the transaction price.

 

Up-front Fees: If a license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize collaboration revenues from the transaction price allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing collaboration revenue from the allocated transaction price. For example, when we receive up-front fees for the performance of research and development services, or when

research and development services are not considered to be distinct from a license, we recognize collaboration revenue for those units of account over time using a measure of progress. We evaluate the measure of progress each at reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue or expense recognition as a change in estimate.

 

Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments (variable consideration), we evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within our or the collaboration partner’s control, such as non-operational developmental and regulatory approvals, are generally not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. At the end of each reporting period, we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of milestones that are within our or the collaboration partner’s control, such as operational developmental milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect collaboration revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. Revisions to our estimate of the transaction price may also result in negative collaboration revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

 

Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including commercial milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, we have not recognized any material royalty revenue resulting from any of our collaborative arrangements.

 

Reimbursement, cost-sharing and profit-sharing payments: Under certain collaborative arrangements, we have been reimbursed for a portion of our R&D expenses or participate in the cost-sharing of such R&D expenses. Such reimbursements and cost-sharing arrangements have been reflected as a reduction of R&D expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations, as we do not consider performing research and development services for reimbursement to be a part of our ongoing major or central operations. Therefore, the reimbursement or cost-sharing of research and development services are recorded as a reduction of R&D expense.

 

Under the terms of our collaboration agreement with Mylan Ireland Limited (“Mylan”) for revefenacin, including YUPELRITM inhalation solution, we are also entitled to a share of US profits and losses (65% to Mylan/35% to Theravance Biopharma) received in connection with commercialization of YUPELRI, and we are entitled to low double-digit royalties on ex-US net sales (excluding China). If and when YUPELRI is approved, we expect that Mylan will be the principal in the sales transaction, and as a result, we will not reflect the product sales on our records. Until YUPELRI is approved and our collaboration activities are profitable, in accordance with GAAP, our share of the losses under a co-promote arrangement are recorded within R&D expense and selling, general and administrative expense on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. See “Note 3. Collaborative Arrangements” for additional information about our collaboration agreement with Mylan.

 

Theravance Respiratory Company, LLC  (“TRC”)

 

Through our equity ownership of TRC, we are entitled to receive an 85% economic interest in any future payments that may be made by Glaxo Group or one of its affiliates (“GSK”) relating to the GSK-Partnered Respiratory Programs (net of TRC expenses paid and the amount of cash, if any, expected to be used by TRC pursuant to the TRC LLC Agreement over the next four fiscal quarters). The GSK-Partnered Respiratory Programs consist primarily of the Trelegy Ellipta program and the inhaled Bifunctional Muscarinic Antagonist-Beta2 Agonist (“MABA”) program.  

 

We analyzed our ownership, contractual and other interests in TRC to determine if it is a variable‑interest entity (“VIE”), whether we have a variable interest in TRC and the nature and extent of that interest. We determined that TRC is a VIE. The party with the controlling financial interest, the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the entity determined to be a VIE. Therefore, we also assessed whether we are the primary beneficiary of TRC based on the power to direct its activities that most significantly impact its economic performance and our obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive benefits from it that could potentially be significant to TRC. Based on our assessment, we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of TRC, and, as a result, we do not consolidate TRC in our consolidated financial statements. TRC is

recognized in our consolidated financial statements under the equity method of accounting. Income related to our equity ownership of TRC is reflected in our consolidated statement of operations as non-operating income.   

 

Income Taxes

 

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”) using the modified retrospective approach. ASU 2016-16 requires immediate recognition of income tax consequences of intra-company asset transfers, other than inventory transfers. Legacy GAAP prohibited recognition of income tax consequences of intra-company asset transfers whereby the seller defers any net tax effect and the buyer is prohibited from recognizing a deferred tax asset on the difference between the newly created tax basis of the asset in its tax jurisdiction and its financial statement carrying amount as reported in the consolidated financial statements. An example of an inter-company asset transfers included in ASU 2016-16’s scope is intellectual property. The adoption of ASU 2016-16 did not have a material impact on our balance sheet or statement of operations as our deferred tax assets are fully offset by a valuation allowance. 

 

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

 

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016‑02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016‑02”). ASU 2016‑02 is aimed at making leasing activities more transparent and comparable, and requires leases with terms greater than one year to be recognized by lessees on their balance sheet as a right‑of‑use asset and corresponding lease liability. ASU 2016‑02 is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, and is required to be adopted using a modified retrospective approach.  In July 2018, the FASB issued supplemental adoption guidance that allows for an optional transition method to initially account for the impact of the adoption with a cumulative adjustment to accumulated deficit on the effective date of ASU 2016-02, January 1, 2019, rather than applying the transition provisions in the earliest period presented.

 

Based on our assessment of ASU 2016-02, we plan to elect the optional transition method described above and other practical expedients that allows entities to not (i) reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are considered or contain leases; (ii) reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (iii) reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. 

 

We expect to adopt ASU 2016-02 in the first quarter of 2019, and we are in the process of evaluating our existing lease arrangements in order to determine the full impact that the adoption of ASU 2016‑02 will have on our balance sheet, financial statement disclosures, and related internal controls. We  currently believe that the most significant impact to our balance sheet upon adoption will be from recognizing a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability related to our office leases in South San Francisco and Dublin, Ireland. Based on the initial review of our existing lease arrangements, we do not expect ASU 2016-02 to have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

 

In August 2018, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements that were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. In addition, the amendments expanded the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholders’ equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholders’ equity presented in the balance sheet must be provided in a note or separate statement. The analysis should present a reconciliation of the beginning balance to the ending balance of each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is required to be filed. We anticipate its first presentation of changes in stockholders’ equity as required under the new SEC guidance will be included in our Form 10-Q for the three month period ended March 31, 2019.

 

We have evaluated other recently issued accounting pronouncements and do not believe that any of these pronouncements will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 

2. Net Loss per Share

 

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of outstanding, less ordinary shares subject to forfeiture. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding, less ordinary shares subject to forfeiture, plus all additional ordinary shares that would have been outstanding, assuming dilutive potential ordinary shares had been issued for other dilutive securities.

 

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, diluted and basic net loss per share was identical since potential ordinary shares were excluded from the calculation, as their effect was anti-dilutive.

 

Anti-dilutive Securities

 

The following ordinary equivalent shares were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share because their effect was anti-dilutive:

 

 

In addition, there were 978,750 and 1,305,000 shares that are subject to performance‑based vesting criteria which have been excluded from the ordinary equivalent shares table above as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

 

3. Collaborative Arrangements

 

Revenue from Collaborative Arrangements

 

We recognized revenues from our collaborative arrangements as follows:

 

 

Under the legacy revenue guidance ASC 605, our collaboration revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, would not have differed materially.  

 

Changes in Deferred Revenue Balances

 

We recognized the following revenue from collaborative arrangements as a result of changes in our deferred revenue balance during the periods below:  

 

 

Mylan

 

Development and Commercialization Agreement

 

In January 2015, Mylan Ireland Limited (“Mylan”) and we established a strategic collaboration (the “Mylan Agreement”) for the development and, subject to regulatory approval, commercialization of revefenacin, our investigational LAMA in development under the proposed brand name YUPELRITM inhalation solution as a nebulized, once-daily single-agent for the treatment of COPD. We entered into this collaboration to expand the breadth of our revefenacin development program and extend our commercial reach beyond the acute care setting where we currently market VIBATIV.

 

Under the Mylan Agreement, Mylan paid us an up-front fee of $15.0 million for the delivery of the revefenacin license in 2015 and, in 2016, Mylan paid us a milestone payment $15.0 million for the achievement of 50% enrollment in the Phase 3 twelve-month safety study. Separately, pursuant to an ordinary share purchase agreement entered into on January 30, 2015, Mylan Inc., a subsidiary of Mylan N.V., made a $30.0 million equity investment in us, buying 1,585,790 ordinary shares from us in February 2015 in a private placement transaction at a price of approximately $18.918 per share, which represented a 10% premium, equal to $4.2 million, over the volume weighted average price per share of our ordinary shares for the five trading days ending on January 30, 2015. 

 

As of September 30, 2018, we are eligible to receive from Mylan additional potential development, regulatory and sales milestone payments totaling up to $205.0 million in the aggregate, with $160.0 million associated with YUPELRI monotherapy, and $45.0 million associated with future potential combination products. Of the $160.0 million associated with monotherapy, $150.0 million relates to sales milestones based on achieving certain levels of net sales and $10.0 million relates to regulatory actions in the European Union (“EU”).

 

The Mylan Agreement is considered to be within the scope of ASC 808, as the parties are active participants and exposed to the risks and rewards of the collaborative activity. Under the terms of the Mylan Agreement, Mylan is responsible for reimbursement of our costs related to the registrational program up until the approval of the first new drug application. Performing R&D services for reimbursement is considered to be a collaborative activity under the scope of ASC 808. Reimbursable program costs are recognized proportionately with the performance of the underlying services and accounted for as reductions to R&D expense. For this unit of account, we do not recognize revenue or analogize to ASC 606 and, as such, the reimbursable program costs are excluded from the transaction price.

 

We analogized to ASC 606 for the accounting for two performance obligations: (1) delivery of the license to develop and commercialize revefenacin; and (2) joint steering committee participation. We determined the license to be distinct from the joint steering committee participation. We further determined that the transaction price under the arrangement was comprised of the following: (1) $15.0 million up-front license fee received in 2015; (2) $4.2 million premium related to the ordinary share purchase agreement received in 2015; and (3) $15.0 million milestone for 50% enrollment in the Phase 3 twelve-month safety study received in 2016. The total transaction price of $34.2 million was allocated to the two performance obligations based on our best estimate of the relative stand-alone selling price. For the delivery of the license, we based the stand-alone selling price on a discounted cash flow approach and considered several factors including, but not limited to: discount rate, development timeline, regulatory risks, estimated market demand and future revenue potential. For the committee participation, we based the stand-alone selling price on the average compensation of our committee members estimated to be incurred over the performance period. We expect to recognize collaboration revenue from the committee participation ratably over the performance period of approximately seventeen years.

 

The future potential milestone amounts were not included in the transaction price, as they were all determined to be fully constrained following the concepts of ASC 606. As part of our evaluation of the development and regulatory milestones constraint, we determined that the achievement of such milestones are contingent upon success in future clinical trials and regulatory approvals which are not within our control and uncertain at this stage. We expect that the sales-based milestone payments and royalty arrangements will be recognized when the sales occur or the milestone is achieved. We will re-evaluate the transaction price each quarter and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

 

We are also entitled to a share of US profits and losses (65% to Mylan/35% to Theravance Biopharma) received in connection with commercialization of YUPELRI, and we are entitled to low double-digit royalties on ex-US net sales (excluding China). We expect that Mylan will be the principal in the sales transaction, and as a result, we will not reflect the

product sales on our records. Under a co-promote arrangement with Mylan, we record our 35% share of expenses based on collaboration activities to prepare for a potential product launch. Until, and unless, YUPELRI is approved and our collaboration activities are profitable, in accordance with GAAP, collaboration expenses are recognized within R&D expense and selling, general and administrative expense on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. If our collaboration activities are profitable, our 35% share of profits related to the commercialization of YUPELRI will be recognized as collaboration revenue. For the cost-sharing and profit-sharing activities, we do not analogize to ASC 606. We consider these activities to be collaborative activities under the scope of ASC 808, and we will recognize the shared profits (if any) and expenses in the periods that such profits and expenses occur, following the implementation guidance in ASC 808. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $1.5 million and $3.3 million, respectively, in collaboration expense under the YUPELRI co-promote arrangement with Mylan.

 

As of September 30, 2018, $0.3 million was recorded in deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets under the Mylan Agreement. This amount reflects revenue allocated to joint steering committee participation and will be recognized as collaboration revenue over the course of the remaining performance period of approximately fourteen years. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $6,000 and $18,000, respectively, in collaboration revenue from the recognition of previously deferred revenue under the Mylan collaborative arrangement.

 

Janssen Biotech

 

In February 2018, we entered into a global co-development and commercialization agreement with Janssen Biotech, Inc. (“Janssen”) for TD-1473 and related back-up compounds for inflammatory intestinal diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (the “Janssen Agreement”). Under the terms of the Janssen Agreement, we received an upfront payment of $100.0 million. We are currently initiating a Phase 2 study in Crohn’s disease and plan to initiate a large, Phase 2b/3 adaptive design induction and maintenance study in ulcerative colitis with patient dosing expected to begin in late 2018 or early 2019. Following completion of the Phase 2 Crohn’s study and the Phase 2b induction portion of an ulcerative colitis study, Janssen can elect to obtain an exclusive license to develop and commercialize TD-1473 and certain related compounds by paying us a fee of $200.0 million. Upon any such election, we and Janssen will jointly develop and commercialize TD-1473 in inflammatory intestinal diseases and share profits in the US and expenses related to a potential Phase 3 program (67% to Janssen; 33% to Theravance Biopharma). We would receive royalties on ex-US sales at double-digit tiered percentage royalty rates, and we would be eligible to receive up to an additional $700.0 million in development and commercialization milestone payments from Janssen.

 

The Janssen Agreement is considered to be within the scope of ASC 808, as the parties are active participants and exposed to the risks and rewards of the collaborative activity. We evaluated the terms of the Janssen Agreement and have analogized to ASC 606 for the research and development activities to be performed through the initial Phase 2 development period of the collaborative arrangement that are considered to be part of our ongoing major or central operations. Using the concepts of ASC 606, we have identified research and development activities as our only performance obligation. We further determined that the transaction price under the arrangement was the $100.0 million upfront payment which was allocated to the single performance obligation.

 

The $900.0 million in future potential payments is considered variable consideration if Janssen elects to remain in the collaboration arrangement following completion of certain Phase 2 activities, as described above and, as such, was not included in the transaction price, as the potential payments were all determined to be fully constrained under ASC 606. As part of our evaluation of this variable consideration constraint, we determined that the potential payments are contingent upon developmental and regulatory milestones that are uncertain and are highly susceptible to factors outside of our control. We expect that any consideration related to royalties and sales-based milestones will be recognized when the subsequent sales occur.

 

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $8.9 million and $21.0 million, respectively, as revenue from collaboration arrangements related to the Janssen Agreement. The remaining transaction price of $79.0 million was recorded in deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and is expected to be recognized as collaboration revenue as the research and development services are delivered over the Phase 2 development period. Collaboration revenue is recognized for the research and development services based on a measure of our efforts toward satisfying a performance obligation relative to the total expected efforts or inputs to satisfy the performance obligation (e.g., costs incurred compared to total budget). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we

incurred $10.5 million and $28.1  million, respectively, in research and development costs related to the Janssen Agreement. In future reporting periods, we will reevaluate our estimates related to our efforts towards satisfying the performance obligation and may record a change in estimate if deemed necessary.

 

Alfasigma

 

Development and Collaboration Agreement

 

Under an October 2012 development and collaboration agreement for velusetrag, we and Alfasigma S.p.A (“Alfasigma”) agreed to collaborate in the execution of a two-part Phase 2 program to test the efficacy, safety and tolerability of velusetrag in the treatment of patients with gastroparesis (a medical condition consisting of a paresis (partial paralysis) of the stomach, resulting in food remaining in the stomach for a longer time than normal) (the “Alfasigma Agreement”). As part of the Alfasigma Agreement, Alfasigma funded the majority of the costs associated with the Phase 2 gastroparesis program, which consisted of a Phase 2 study focused on gastric emptying and a Phase 2 study focused on symptoms. Alfasigma had an exclusive option to develop and commercialize velusetrag in the EU, Russia, China, Mexico and certain other countries, while we retained full rights to velusetrag in the US, Canada, Japan and certain other countries.

 

In April 2018, Alfasigma exercised its exclusive option to develop and commercialize velusetrag, and we elected not to pursue further development of velusetrag. As a result, we will transfer global rights for velusetrag to Alfasigma under the terms of the existing collaboration agreement. We received a $10.0 million option exercise fee and a $1.0 million non-refundable reimbursement from Alfasigma, and we are eligible to receive future potential development, regulatory and sales milestone payments of up to $26.8 million, and tiered royalties on global net sales ranging from high single digits to the mid-teens.

 

The Alfasigma Agreement is considered to be within the scope of ASC 808, as the parties are active participants and exposed to the risks and rewards of the collaborative activity. We have historically received reimbursements related to R&D services performed under the Alfasigma Agreement. Performing R&D services for reimbursement is considered to be a collaborative activity under the scope of ASC 808. Reimbursable program costs are accounted for as reductions to R&D expense. For this unit of account, we do not recognize revenue or analogize to ASC 606 and, as such, the reimbursable program costs are excluded from the transaction price.

 

As a result of Alfasigma’s election to exercise its exclusive option to develop and commercialize velusetrag in April 2018, Alfasigma paid us a total of $11.0 million, comprised of the $10.0 million option exercise fee and a $1.0 million non-refundable reimbursement. We analogized to ASC 606 for the delivery of the following identified performance obligations: (i) delivery of the velusetrag license; (ii) transfer of technical know-how; (iii) delivery of clinical study reports (“CSRs”); (iv) delivery of registration batches, including drug substances; and (v) joint steering committee participation. We determined that all of the five performance obligations were distinct, and we allocated the transaction price based on the estimated stand-alone selling prices of each of the performance obligations. The stand-alone selling price of the license was based on a discounted cash flow approach and considered several factors including, but not limited to: discount rate, development timeline, regulatory risks, estimated market demand and future revenue potential.

 

We determined that any potential development or regulatory milestones were to be fully constrained as prescribed under ASC 606. As part of our evaluation of this variable consideration constraint, we determined that the potential payments are contingent upon developmental and regulatory milestones that are uncertain and are highly susceptible to factors outside of our control. In addition, we expect that any consideration related to sales-based milestones would be recognized when the subsequent sales occur.

 

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $0.1 million and $10.6 million, respectively, as revenue from collaboration arrangements related to the Alfasigma Agreement. As of September 30, 2018, $0.4 million was recorded in deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and is expected to be recognized as collaboration revenue over approximately the next four years.

 

Reimbursement of R&D Expense

 

Under certain collaborative arrangements, we are entitled to reimbursement of certain R&D expense. Activities under collaborative arrangements for which we are entitled to reimbursement are considered to be collaborative activities

under the scope of ASC 808.  For these units of account, we do not analogize to ASC 606 or recognize revenue.  We record reimbursement payments received from our collaboration partners as reductions to R&D expense.

 

The following table summarizes the reductions to R&D expenses related to the reimbursement payments:

 

 

 

4. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

 

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amount shown on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

 

 

Restricted cash pertained to certain lease agreements and letters of credit where we have pledged cash and cash equivalents as collateral. The cash-related amounts reported in the table above exclude our investments in short and long-term marketable securities that are reported separately on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

 

5. Investments and Fair Value Measurements

 

Available‑for‑Sale Securities

 

The estimated fair value of investments is based on quoted market prices for these or similar investments that were based on prices obtained from a commercial pricing service. The fair value of our investments classified within Level 2 is based upon observable inputs that may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two‑sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research publications.

 

Available‑for‑sale securities are summarized below:

 

 

 

 

As of September 30, 2018, all of the investments had contractual maturities within two years and the weighted average maturity of the marketable securities was approximately five months. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the periods presented, and there have been no changes to our valuation techniques during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

 

In general, we invest in debt securities with the intent to hold such securities until maturity at par value. We do not intend to sell the investments that are currently in an unrealized loss position, and it is unlikely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity. We have determined that the gross unrealized losses on our marketable securities, as of September 30, 2018, were temporary in nature and primarily due to increases in short-term interest rates in the capital markets. There were no material unrealized losses on investments which have been in a loss position for more than twelve months as of September 30, 2018.

 

As of September 30, 2018, our accumulated other comprehensive loss on our condensed consolidated balance sheets consisted of net unrealized losses on available-for-sale investments. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we did not sell any of our marketable securities.

 

Long-term Debt Fair Value

 

We have $230.0 million of 3.250% convertible senior notes (“Notes”) outstanding as of September 30, 2018 with an estimated fair value of $271.1 million. The estimated fair value was primarily based upon the underlying price of Theravance Biopharma’s publicly traded shares and other observable inputs as of September 30, 2018. The inputs to determine fair value of the Notes are categorized as Level 2 inputs. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.

 

6. Theravance Respiratory Company, LLC (“TRC”)

 

Prior to the June 2014 spin-off from Innoviva, Inc. (the “Spin-Off”), our former parent company, Innoviva, Inc. (“Innoviva”), assigned to TRC, a Delaware limited liability company formed by Innoviva, its strategic alliance agreement with GSK and all of its rights and obligations under its collaboration agreement with GSK other than with respect to RELVAR® ELLIPTA®/BREO® ELLIPTA®, ANORO® ELLIPTA® and vilanterol monotherapy. Through our 85% equity interests in TRC, we are entitled to receive an 85% economic interest in any future payments made by GSK under the strategic alliance agreement and under the portion of the collaboration agreement assigned to TRC (net of TRC expenses paid and the amount of cash, if any, expected to be used by TRC pursuant to the TRC LLC Agreement over the next four fiscal quarters). The drug programs assigned to TRC include Trelegy Ellipta and the MABA program, as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutically active components, such as an inhaled corticosteroid (“ICS”), and any other product or combination of products that may be discovered and developed in the future under the GSK agreements.

 

In May 2014, we entered into the TRC LLC Agreement with Innoviva that governs the operation of TRC. Under the TRC LLC Agreement, Innoviva is the manager of TRC, and the business and affairs of TRC are managed exclusively by the manager, including (i) day to day management of the drug programs in accordance with the existing GSK agreements; (ii) preparing an annual operating plan for TRC; and (iii) taking all actions necessary to ensure that the formation, structure

and operation of TRC complies with applicable law and partner agreements. We are responsible for our proportionate share of TRC’s administrative expenses incurred by Innoviva.

 

We analyzed our ownership, contractual and other interests in TRC to determine if it is a variable‑interest entity (“VIE”), whether we have a variable interest in TRC and the nature and extent of that interest. We determined that TRC is a VIE. The party with the controlling financial interest, the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the entity determined to be a VIE. Therefore, we also assessed whether we are the primary beneficiary of TRC based on the power to direct its activities that most significantly impact its economic performance and our obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive benefits from it that could potentially be significant to TRC. Based on our assessment, we determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of TRC, and, as a result, we do not consolidate TRC in our consolidated financial statements. TRC is recognized in our consolidated financial statements under the equity method of accounting, and the value of our equity investment in TRC was $3.1 million as of September 30, 2018.

 

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $3.1 million and $5.8 million, respectively, in income from our investment in TRC which was generated by royalty payments from GSK to TRC arising from the net sales of Trelegy Ellipta. There was no income from TRC in the comparable prior year periods.

 

7. Inventories

 

Inventory consists of the following:

 

 

We assess our inventory levels each reporting period in consideration of the risk of product expiration. In evaluating the sufficiency of our inventory reserves or liabilities for firm purchase commitments, we also take into consideration our firm purchase commitments for future inventory production. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we accrued a $2.3 million liability related to excess inventory purchase commitments based on our expected purchase obligations at the time. In the second quarter of 2018, we reversed the expense related to the $2.3 million purchase commitment liability due to the waiver of our minimum purchase commitment by our third-party manufacturer, and the $2.3 million adjustment is included within cost of goods sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

 

8.  Share-Based Compensation

 

Share-Based Compensation Expense Allocation

 

The allocation of share-based compensation expense included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows:

 

 

Performance-Contingent Awards

 

In the first quarter of 2016, the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors (“Compensation Committee”) approved the grant of 1,575,000 performance-contingent restricted share awards (“RSAs”) and 135,000 performance-contingent restricted share units (“RSUs”) to senior management. The vesting of such awards is dependent on the Company meeting its critical operating goals and objectives during a five-year period from 2016 to December 31, 2020. The goals that must be met in order for the performance-contingent RSAs and RSUs to vest are strategically important for the Company,

and the Compensation Committee believes the goals, if achieved, will increase shareholder value. The awards have dual triggers of vesting based upon the achievement of these goals and continued employment. As of September 30, 2018, there were 978,750 performance-contingent RSAs and 101,250 performance-contingent RSUs outstanding. As of September 30, 2017, there were 1,305,000 performance-contingent RSAs and 135,000 performance-contingent RSUs outstanding.

 

Expense associated with these awards is broken into three separate tranches and may be recognized during the years 2016 to 2020 depending on the probability of meeting the performance conditions. Compensation expense relating to awards subject to performance conditions is recognized if it is considered probable that the performance goals will be achieved. The probability of achievement is reassessed at each quarter-end reporting period.

 

The performance conditions associated with the first tranche of these awards were completed in the second quarter of 2018, and we recognized $1.8 million of share-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 associated with these awards. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized $0.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of share-based compensation expense related to the first tranche of these awards.

 

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $47,000 and $1.8 million, respectively, of share-based compensation expense related to our assessment of the probability that the performance conditions associated with the second tranche of these awards was considered to be probable of vesting. The $47,000 recognized in the third quarter of 2018 was a significant decrease from the $0.9 million recognized in the second quarter of 2018 due to the reversal of expenses resulting from employee forfeitures. As of September 30, 2017, the second tranche was not considered probable of vesting, and as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, we determined that the remaining third tranche was not probable of vesting and, as a result, no compensation expense related to the third tranche has been recognized to date.

 

The maximum potential expense associated with the remaining second and third tranches could be up to $18.6 million (allocated as $7.7 million for research and development expense and $10.9 million for selling, general and administrative expense) if the performance conditions for the second and third tranches are achieved.

 

In the third quarter of 2017, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 50,000 performance-contingent RSUs to a newly appointed member of senior management. The RSUs have dual triggers of vesting based upon the achievement of certain corporate operating milestones in specified timelines, as well as a requirement for continued employment. Share-based compensation expense related to this grant is broken into two separate tranches and recognized when the associated performance goals are deemed to be probable of achievement. The maximum expense associated with the first tranche was $0.8 million. In 2017, we recognized $0.4 million in share-based compensation expense as we determined that the performance conditions associated with the first tranche was probable of vesting, and in the first quarter of 2018, we recognized the remaining $0.4 million of share-based compensation expense as the performance conditions associated with the first tranche of this award were met.  We have determined that the second tranche was not probable of vesting as of September 30, 2018 and, as a result, no compensation expense related to the second tranche has been recognized to date.

 

9. Income Taxes

 

The income tax provision was $0.7 million benefit and a  $7.3 million benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily attributed to the reversal of previously accrued contingent tax liabilities of $0.8 million due to a lapse of the statute of limitations. The year-to-date benefit recorded in the income tax provision was primarily due to recording contingent tax liabilities pertaining primarily to uncertain tax positions taken with respect to transfer pricing and tax credits, offset by a tax benefit arising from an updated estimate of a tax filing position to be reported in our tax returns filed in 2018 and the benefit recorded in the current quarter. No provision for income taxes has been recognized on undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries because we consider such earnings to be indefinitely reinvested.

 

We follow the accounting guidance related to accounting for income taxes which requires that a company reduce its deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of September 30, 2018, our deferred tax assets were offset in full by a valuation allowance.